NOBEL PRIZE 2020 FACTS SOMEWHERE A HUNDRED YEARS AGO, A PERSON WAS READING THE NEWSPAPER AND TO HIS SURPRISE AND HORROR, HE READ HIS NAME IN THE OBITUARY COLUMN. THE NEWSPAPERS HAD REPORTED THE DEATH OF THE WRONG PERSON BY MISTAKE. AM I HERE OR THERE? WHEN HE REGAINED HIS COMPOSURE, HIS SECOND THOUGHT WAS TO FIND OUT WHAT PEOPLE HAD SAID ABOUT HIM. THE OBITUARY READ, "DYNAMITE KING DIES." MOREOVER, "HE WAS THE MERCHANT OF DEATH." THIS MAN WAS THE INVENTOR OF DYNAMITE, AND WHEN HE READ THE WORDS "MERCHANT OF DEATH," HE ASKED HIMSELF A QUESTION, "IS THIS HOW I AM GOING TO BE REMEMBERED?" HE GOT IN TOUCH WITH HIS FEELINGS AND DECIDED THAT THIS WAS NOT THE WAY HE WANTED TO BE REMEMBERED. FROM THAT DAY ON, HE STARTED WORKING TOWARD PEACE. HIS NAME WAS ALFRED NOBEL, AND HE IS REMEMBERED TODAY BY THE GREAT NOBEL PRIZE.
HOW WERE THE NOBEL PRIZES GIVEN? Alfred Nobel wrote his last will and set aside his estate's bulk to establish the Nobel Prizes in 5 (6th prize established in 1968 in the field of economics) fields. In his will, Alfred Nobel dictates that his entire remaining Of the estate should be used to endow "prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind." The six fields where the Nobel prizes are given are 1)MEDICINE 2)PHYSICS 3)CHEMISTRY 4)LITERATURE 5)PEACE 6)ECONOMICS Justice is to be found only in the imagination.- ALFRED NOBEL The Nobel prize consists of a Nobel medal, a diploma certificate, and a certificate confirming the prize money of €1.16 million (approx. 10,01,25,400 Indian Rupee) per field
PHYSICS
Roger Penrose used ingenious mathematical methods to prove that black holes are a direct consequence of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Einstein did not believe that black holes exist; these super-heavyweight monsters that capture everything that enters them. Nothing can escape, not even light. In January 1965, ten years after Einstein's death, Roger Penrose proved that black holes really could form and described them in detail; at their heart, black holes hide a singularity in which all the known laws of nature cease. His ground-breaking article is still regarded as the most significant contribution to the General theory of relativity since Einstein. Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez each lead a group of astronomers that, since the early 1990s, have focused on a region called Sagittarius A at the center of our galaxy. The orbits of the brightest stars closest to the middle of the Milky Way have been mapped with increasing precision. The measurements of these two groups agree, with both finding a cumbersome, invisible object that pulls on the jumble of stars, causing them to rush around at dizzying speeds. Around four million solar masses are packed together in a region no more extensive than our solar system Using the world's largest telescopes, Genzel and Ghez developed methods to see through the enormous clouds of interstellar gas and dust to the Milky Way center. Stretching the limits of technology, they refined new techniques to compensate for distortions caused by the Earth's atmosphere, building unique instruments and committing themselves to long-term research. Their pioneering work has given the most convincing evidence yet of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. CHEMISTRY
Two scientists have been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the tools to edit DNA Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna are the first two women to share the the prize, which honors their work on the technology of genome editing. Their discovery, known as Crispr-Case genetic scissors, is a way of making specific and precise changes to the DNA contained in living cells During Prof Charpentier's studies of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, she discovered a previously unknown molecule called tracrRNA. Her work showed that tracrRNA s part of the organism's system of immune defense This system, known as Crispr-Cas, disarms viruses by cleaving their DNA-like genetic SCISsors in 2011. the same year she published this work, Prof Charpentier began a collaboration with Prof Doudna, from the University of California, Berkeley Together, they recreated the bacterium's genetic scissors in a test tube. They also simplified the scissors' molecular components, so they were more comfortable to use. In their natural form, the bacterial scissors recognize DNA from viruses. Nevertheless, Charpentier and Doudna showed that they could be reprogrammed to cut any DNA molecule at a predetermined site, publishing their findings in a landmark 2012 paper. The breakthrough DNA snipping technology allowed the "code of life" to be rewritten Last year, Chinese scientist He Jiankui was jailed for three years after creating the world's first gene- edited babies. He was convicted of violating the government to carve out his experiments on human embryos to give them protection Against HIV.
PEACE
The World Food Programme is the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security.
In 2019, the WFP provided assistance to close to 100 million people in 88 countries who are victims of acute food insecurity and hunger. In 2015, eradicating hunger was adopted as one of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
The WFP is the UN's primary instrument for realizing this goal. In recent years, the situation has taken a negative turn. In 2019, 135 million people suffered from acute hunger, the highest number in many years. Most of the increase was caused by war and armed conflict.
The coronavirus pandemic has contributed to a substantial upsurge in the number of hunger victims in the world. In countries such as Yemen, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Burkina Faso, the combination of violent conflict and the pandemic has led to a dramatic rise in the number of people living the brink of starvation. In the face of the pandemic, the World Food Programme has demonstrated an impressive ability to intensify its efforts
MEDICINE
Three scientists who discovered the virus Hepatitis C Have won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
The virus is a common cause of liver cancer and a significant reason people need a liver transplant.
• In the 1960s, there was a considerable concern that people receiving donated blood were getting chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation) from an unknown, mysterious disease.
The viruses Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B had been discovered in the mid-1960s
LITERATURE
Literature Laureate Louise Glück made her debut in 1968 with 'Firstborn.' It was soon acclaimed as one of the most prominent poets in contemporary American literature. She has published twelve collections of poetry and some volumes of essays on poetry.
After the academy revamped itself to regain the trust of the Nobel Foundation, two laureates were named last year, with the 2018 prize going to Poland's Olga Tokarczuk and the 2019 award to Austria's Peter Handke.
Handke's prize caused a storm of protest, a strong supporter of the Serbs during the 1990s Balkan wars, and he has been called an apologist for Serbian war crimes."
***The Nobel prize for economics is yet to be announced by the authorities on 12th October 3:15 pm.